Pharmaceutics & Novel Drug Delivery Systems

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics  and pharmacodynamics  are fundamental concepts in the field of pharmacology, critical for understanding how drugs work within the body and how they produce their effects. These areas provide insights into the drug's behavior, efficacy, and safety, which are essential for drug development, dosing regimens, and therapeutic strategies. The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration. Factors affecting absorption include the drug's formulation, the route of administration (oral, intravenous, transdermal, etc.), and physiological conditions like gastrointestinal pH and motility. The dispersion of the drug throughout the body's fluids and tissues. Distribution is influenced by factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, and the binding of the drug to plasma proteins and tissues. The biochemical transformation of the drug, primarily in the liver, into metabolites. This process can activate or inactivate the drug and is influenced by factors such as enzyme activity, genetic variations, and the presence of other drugs. he removal of the drug and its metabolites from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and liver (bile).